Solutions, in Particular Dilute Solutions of Nonelectrolytes: A Review

Abstract The liquid state is one of the three principal states matter and arguably most important one; mixtures represent a large research field profound theoretical practical interest. This topic importance in many areas applied sciences, such as chemical engineering, geochemistry, environmental biophysics biomedical technology. First, I will concisely present review concepts from classical thermodynamics nonelectrolyte solutions; this be followed by survey (semi-)empirical approaches to representing composition temperature dependence selected thermodynamic mixture properties, finally focus on dilute binary solutions where component, supercritical solute, much smaller quantity than other called solvent. Partial molar properties limit infinite dilution (indicated superscript ∞) are particular For instance, activity coefficients (Lewis–Randall (LR) convention) customarily used characterize mixing behavior, infinite-dilution values $$\gamma_{i}^{{{\text{LR,}}\infty }}$$ γ i LR, ∞ provide convenient route for obtaining parameters several popular solution models. When discussing solute (j)—solvent (i) interactions supercritical, Henry fugacity $$h_{j,i} \left( {T,P} \right)$$ h j , T P , also known Henry’s law (HL) constant, measurable key quantity. Its yields information partial enthalpy change $$\Delta H_{j}^{\infty } Δ H while its pressure volume $$V_{j}^{{{\text{L,}}\infty }} V L, j phase (superscript L). clarify issues frequently overlooked, touch upon solubility data reduction correlation, report few recent high-precision experimental results aqueous nonelectrolytes, show equivalency caloric quantities (e.g. }$$ ) obtained via van ’t Hoff analysis with directly measured calorimetric data.